Strong Base Definition - Chemistry Glossary

A strong base is a base that is completely dissociated in an aqueous solution. These compounds ionize in water to yield one or more hydroxide ion (OH-) per molecule of base. In contrast, a weak base only partially dissociates into its ions in water. Ammonia is a good example of a weak base. Strong bases react with strong acids to form stable compounds. Examples of Strong Bases Fortunately, there arent very many strong bases. They are hydroxides of the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. Here is a table of the strong bases and a look at the ions they form: Base Formula Ions sodium hydroxide NaOH Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) potassium hydroxide KOH K+(aq) + OH-(aq) lithium hydroxide LiOH Li+(aq) + OH-(aq) rubidium hydroxide RbOH Rb+(aq) + OH-(aq) cesium hydroxide CsOH Cs+(aq) + OH-(aq) calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) strontium hydroxide Sr(OH)2 Sr2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Note that while calcium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, and strontium hydroxide are strong bases, they are not very soluble in water. The small amount of compound that dissolves dissociates into ions, but most of the compound remains a solid. The conjugate bases of very weak acids (pKa greater than 13) are strong bases. Superbases The Group 1 (alkali metal) salts of amides, carbanions, and hydroxides are called superbases. These compounds cannot be kept in aqueous solutions because they are stronger bases than the hydroxide ion. They deprotonate water.

Analysis Of Tony Morrison s The Bluest Eye - 1314 Words

vvPecola’s Eyes and Vision Tony Morrison is a famous, exciting, American writer, describes as a major figure of the entire African American nation within the American community. â€Å"The Bluest Eye† published in 1970, is one of the most impressive novels of the author describing the Great American Depression. The contexts and the structure of the story looks as if it was written for children. This realistic story describes the manner of life and reality of the African American, suffering form the pressure of whites. Toni Morrison interprets how whiteness is the standard of beauty which distorts blacks everywhere. Pauline and Pecola have troubles with the whites. The Bluest Eyes. is one of the most prevalent concerns role appearance novel†¦show more content†¦The story of Dick and Jane and the pretty house that has a kitten on the porch is how Pecola sees her family life style as the while American dream. Claudia who is now an adult is telling the story from past to present of her childhood friends and her home life. As the narrator she talks about her own family struggles of being poor. This novel is one of the amazing book that I read in that it proves to me that being white is accepted in the community whereas blacks has to struggle to be accepted. Reading this novel show how Pecola as black girl wishes that she was white Pecola drinking milk from a cup with a picture of Shirley Temple on the side of it. Shirley Temple was a young white actress who Pecola was infatuated with. While Pecola was obsessed with drinking the whiteness of the milk from the whiteness of Shirley Temple’s picture on the cup. Pecola was preoccupied on literally drinking what she considered this ideal figure of beauty. The title â€Å"the Bluest Eye† refers to the desire of the girl to have blue eye to feel comfortable, happy and looks beautiful. And, the desire to observe the world differently is also reflected. It is not only concerns the issue of beauty but the way that Juda Bennett defines that the title stresses the level of the â€Å"pernicious effect of the white beauty standards† (142). Pecola wants to have such beautiful eyes as the doll Shirley Temple. TheShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Tony Morrison s The Bluest Eye 1263 Words   |  6 Pages Pecola’s Eyes and Vision Tony Morrison is a famous, exciting, American writer, describes as a major figure of the entire African American nation within the American community. â€Å"The Bluest Eye† published in 1970, is one of the most impressive novels of the author describing the Great American Depression. The contexts and the structure of the story looks as if it was written for children. This realistic story describes the manner of life and reality of the African American, suffering form the pressureRead MoreAnalysis Of Tony Morrison s The Bluest Eye 2073 Words   |  9 PagesRace and Gender in the Bluest Eye In the Bluest Eye, Tony Morrison shows beauty and the value of it from the viewpoint of the black’s and how people in black society impose the white standards onto its people. Pecola Breedlove is an African American girl who longs to be loved and accepted in all communities especially her own. She lives in a world where members of her own race define aesthetic beauty based on white culture. Pecola has an odd transfixion of having the bluest eyes as she sees that it

Competitive Strategy Aggregation in Markets

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy Aggregation in Markets. Answer: Introduction: As opined by Romagnoli (2015), AAA framework can be utilized by the organizations for the development of global value. In the present business environment, it has become necessary for all the organization to focus on the development of global value in order to sustain growth in the market. Now, Etihad airline is regarded as one of the major airline organization in the entire world. For that reason, evaluation of AAA framework is very important for Etihad airline is order to increase the popularity in the global market. The AAA framework for the Etihad airline is elaborated as follows: Adaptation: Adaptation describes the strategies that organization has to implement in order to create maximum impact on the global market. It has been identified that preferences and requirements of the different economy are completely different from each other. Therefore, Etihad airline has to evaluate all the requirements of different economies in order to sustain its popularity in the market. The Etihad airline has made few adjustments in the implemented marketing strategies like price variation, promotional techniques so that it can actually influence people from different economy to avail the services of the organization (Etihad Global 2016). Promotional campaign of Etihad airline has tried to utilize differences in the culture as well as income group of the people in a particular economy. This has been done by Etihad airline so that it can actually utilize the adaptation strategy effectively. Aggregation: Aggregation refers to the strategies that organization implements in order to achieve economies of scale (Morschett, Schramm-Klein and Zentes 2015). The Etihad airline has focused on the effective utilization of aggregation strategies by standardizing the value proposition part. However, businesses strategies of Etihad airline does not depend too much on the aggregation strategies, as the organization is more focused on securing the safety of the passengers. For that reason, Etihad airline tries to utilize best possible raw materials regardless of its price so that consumers can remain fully assured regarding the quality of the services. It has been identified that Etihad airline has able to utilize high operational cost strategies due to its strong bargaining power in the market. However, Etihad airline has tried to maintain some particular standards so that it can able to maintain its position in the global market. Arbitrage: As highlighted by Todd, Beling and Scherer (2015) arbitrage focuses on bridging the differences between the markets rather than focusing on fulfilling the local requirements. For that reason, Etihad airlines strategy focuses on the creation of the global value by exploiting the market differences effectively. The Etihad airline has focused on the evaluation of the average income of the people in several economies at the time of formulating the pricing structure availing the services. For instance, Etihad airline imposed low price strategy in the economies with low average income so that more people can avail the services. On the other hand, in developed countries where per capita income is high, the Etihad airline has focused on implementing high pricing strategy in order to maximize the profit level of the organization. References: Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H. and Zentes, J., 2015. The Integration/Responsiveness-and the AAA-Frameworks. InStrategic International Management(pp. 25-49). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Romagnoli, G., 2015. Information Aggregation in Markets with Storage. Etihad Global. 2016.Etihad Airways - Book flights and holidays. [online] Available at: https://www.etihad.com [Accessed 21 Sep. 2016]. Todd, A., Beling, P. and Scherer, W., 2015, December. Order Routing and Arbitrage Opportunities in a Multi-Market Trading Simulation. InComputational Intelligence, 2015 IEEE Symposium Series on(pp. 1774-1777). IEEE.

Global Logistics Logistics & Supply Chain Management

Question: Dicuss about theGlobal Logistics for Logistics Supply Chain Management. Answer: Introduction Global logistics refers to the transfer of resources and information from business to consumer. It is the part of supply chain management. It deals with how resources are stored, analyzed and transferred from one source to another (Bookbinder 2013). Supply chain management deals with the flow of materials, resources and finances from supplier, to manufacturer, chains of middlemen and ultimately the consumers. They coordinate and integrate this movement from one source to another in a company (Christopher 2016).The essay deals with the role of global logistics and its contribution to supply chain management. The paper shed critical light on the important and critical role played by global logistics. In the current age, the importance of global logistics is increasing by leaps and bounds Discussion Global expansion is a result of global logistics. Global logistics plays an important in globalization and international trade (Bookbinder 2013). Global logistics helps companies to cross boundaries and trade internationally. It helps companies to introduce their products in foreign countries. It accelerates the growth and expansion of the company. This has direct correlation with the supply chain management. It helps the supply chain management to operate internationally (Handfield et al. 2013). After careful evaluation of the feasibility and viability of the business opportunity, a company decides to trade in international market. It helps to build the scope of the business and in the process; it also provides new opportunities to the business. It increases the dimension and scope of supply chain management and helps it to operate on a large scale. Global logistics is the engine for the growth and expansion of supply chain management (Christopher 2016). Green field investment is another benefit that global logistics offers to a company and in the process helps supply chain management to grow. Global logistics helps the company to experience green field investment. International trade is the portal for a company that helps it to build a hub in foreign countries. It helps the company to build a manufacturing hub in a new country and allows it to build a strong hold in an international market. This increases the scope and the role of supply chain management. It helps it to operate in international market and also assists in increasing the functions and critical role played by supply chain management (Schnsleben 2016). Improvement of economy is another benefit that global logistics provides to a company. It helps the company to integrate economy with a foreign economy. International trade and global logistics helps the company helps the company to bolster its earning and profitability. Entering foreign market helps the market to increase the profit margin and in the process positively affect the economy of the country. It provides the necessary capital and fund to the supply chain management to expand and boom (Dyckhoff et al. 2013). It gives the scope for supply chain management to increase its standard and the level of operations. The additional sources of funds help supply chain to carry out its operations smoothly and hassle free. It helps the country to develop favorable balance of payment (Wisner et al. 2014). This positively benefits supply chain management since the economic growth also increase the scope of the country. Therefore, global logistics has a strong and positive impact on the ec onomy of the country and also on the profitability and earning scope of the company in the longer run. Global logistics helps to improve the process and procedures involved in supply chain management. Global logistics has automated process, which helps to perform in foreign countries and on a large scale (Waters and Rinsler 2014). It helps to improve the process involved in logistic management. There are various manual steps and procedures involved in logistic management. Logistic personnel are involved in such obsolete practices. It results in loss of time and resources. It limits the scope of growth and expansion for the company. It also hinders the progress supply chain management. It increases the chances of supply chain management being crippled in the current dynamic business world (Waters and Rinsler 2014). It helps to the supply chain management to utilize the benefits of technology and upgrade its system and processes in the process. It helps logistics personnel to be better trained and equipped to handle latest system involved in the logistic system. Global logistic helps to reduce time and inbound cost involved in logistic system. It enables the suppliers to produce advance ship notices. This helps to produce quality labeling of goods. It helps companies to effectively indulge in inventory planning. It also helps to integrate with offshore suppliers. The reduction of time and inbound cost helps the company to function effectively and helps to reduce the layer of cost involved in the supply chain management (Stadtler 2015). Global logistic helps in integrated planning and creates effective programs for execution. While trading on international level, it becomes the decision making is done strategically and in an effective way. It makes very important for the company to take decisions at crucial points. Global logistic has various automated processes that make the data visible and easily accessible. This helps company owners to take decisions effectively and also helps in executing programs effectively. Transportation cost involved in domestic and international trade is visible to the owners. It gives clear picture and idea about supply chain management that helps to improve the process. In global logistics, data become accessible and available for scheduling and it serves as a good means of financial measure (Stadtler 2015). Conclusion Concluding the essay, it can be seen that global logistic plays a vital role in the improvement of supply chain management. It shows a direct relation with supply chain management. The scope and growth global logistics has impacted supply chain management. Various incidents of globalization bears witness to the growth and expansion of the supply chain management. Green field investment, international trade and integration of economies with different countries are also examples of how global logistics has impacted supply chain management. It utilizes the benefits of technology and improves the processes and procedures involved in supply chain management. It makes supply chain management more advanced and equipped in tackling the challenges and issues that might arise in logistics. Reference List Bookbinder, J.H., 2013. Handbook of Global Logistics.Transportation in International Supply Chains. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Dyckhoff, H., Lackes, R. and Reese, J. eds., 2013.Supply chain management and reverse logistics. Springer Science Business Media. Handfield, R., Straube, F., Pfohl, H.C. and Wieland, A., 2013. Embracing global logistics complexity to drive market advantage.DVV Media Group GmbH, BVL International. Schnsleben, P., 2016.Integral logistics management: Operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Waters, D. and Rinsler, S., 2014.Global logistics: New directions in supply chain management. Kogan Page Publishers. Wisner, J.D., Tan, K.C. and Leong, G.K., 2014.Principles of supply chain management: a balanced approach. Cengage Learning.

The Importance Of Planning Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Importance Of Planning Essay, Research Paper GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT 31.2GM1 THE IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING FOR A STEREO MANUFACTURER BY: ? YSTEIN AULIN Reg, nr. 943778923 HERIOTT-WATT 30/12 1995 THE IMPORTANCE OF Planning FOR A STEREO MANUFACTURER There have been a continuously developing procedure of recording, prepare A ; procedure, and playback equipment during the last century. This has placed the music in a wholly new place in our society. Prior to the 20? th century music was merely related to particular occasions like concerts and the high festivals. This has changed. Nowadays we listen to music wherever we are, in supermarkets, film, wirelesss, official topographic points and even from little pocketsized participants. Earlier all music was unrecorded, today about all music we listen to are recordings. This besides states that, the tendencies in the music industry is of all time altering. The development of sound-recording technique has matured a serious sound industry. It contains of a broad apparition of different makers, which frequently link to each other and to other participants in the music/audio industry. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance Of Planning Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sale of records became the modern sound industry? s launch. Because all record participants around the universe were standardised, the sale of records had an tremendous return off. This made it possibilities to gain a good net income in the music/audio industry, and many different equipment makers arised. The market was, and still is, alive because of the go oning audio developments. Radios, cassette participants, Cadmium participants, DAT participants, minidisk participants, etc. give rise to even more gross revenues. In the 1960? s the firs stereo recordings were made. Soon afterwards, the industry introduced the impression Hi-Fi ( high fidelity ) merely to do clear how far the development had come. When the cassette tape was introduced in the 1960? s, many jobs were solved. Now it was possible to bring forth a recording equipment which could be used when the milieus were in gesture ( i.e. in a auto ) . Now it was feasible to convey the beginning of music were of all time people wanted. The cassette could besides enter, and was highly easy to utilize compered to the LP. Besides the cassette became standardized. Subsequently we got DAT, CD, minidisks, etc. which all have brought the sound market a measure farther. The stereo industry of today is noticed by several industries that compete in the same market. Hence that competition is terrible and the importance of being in forepart with design invention, merchandise consistence, value for money, sound quality and the house # 8217 ; s good will, is of greatest importance. This besides means that be aftering is important. Planning is something that is arranged beforehand. Worked out in progress to make a end. # 8220 ; The ability to find appropriate aims: ? making the right thing? . The stereo industry consists of two chief sections, the place stereo market and the professional market. Even though many makers operate in both these markets, I will presume that Sonic Wave Ltd. merely operate in the place stereo section. Sonic Wave Ltd. has over the last old ages achieved a sustained period of dramatic growing and prosperity without usage of any strategic program. However, over the last six months it has seen a diminution in gross revenues because of a launch of an advanced scope of two-channel equipment from an Asiatic manufacturer. Their chief job is that they do non hold a speedy response to counter this challenge from Asia. This is because of their deficiency of planning. As with all industries a mission statement makes the chief model of a house. In the stereo industry the mission statement is to bring forth equipment to go through on music to its hearers. Furthermore each house must make up ones mind whom they want to aim, and with what kind of equipment they want to aim the group. With this as a footing we are able to put a strategic end. This end should include our concern doctrine ; I.e. sound quality, monetary value degree, etc. every bit good as an account for the chosen doctrine. It should besides include what merchandise scope to develop and bring forth. A clear purpose is set. This provides a sense of way. By puting a end, one opens the possibility to diversify the resources availible. Both machinery and people have limited resources, which should be used in the most effectual manner. This besides means that commanding becomes more of import, bu T besides easier because each employer and employee have clear undertakings to execute. If we are about to make the ends we have set within the deadline, we must cognize our patterned advance. This information is obtained through control. In order to steer our programs and determinations it is important to hold a clear end. To obtain this strategic end we need a strategic program ( program designed to run into an administration? s wide end ) . Without a strategic program it is barely possible to hold a position of the state of affairs. Peoples must cognize what to be taking at, whom they shall collaborate with and when a undertaking must be finished. This is rather obvious, but it requires a program to obtain. A strategic program is long term. Therefore we must be cautious when developing such a program. Often it requires a great trade of alterations, both fiscal and personal, to be able to follow this program. If the administration must alter its strategic ends, which they frequently have to, their programs besides must alter. So, this must besides be taken into consideration when doing a strategic program. To be successful, we must ever be prepared to do alterations at all phases in the administration. Clearly the effects can be fatal for a house? s being, if non the development of a strategic program is done decently. Strategic planning does non affect the actions taken in an administration from twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours. It is more a range, or a way for which the administration is heading. That is, the top directors in an audio mill might state that the house shall be market leaders in design invention and sound quality. How to obtain this is set in the operational program. Operational programs are a short term programs, ? demoing how strategic programs will be implemented in daily activities. These programs form a hierarchy of programs that are linked by interconnected ends? . ? Operational programs fall into two general categories, Single-use programs and Standing programs. Single-use programs are designed to be dissolved one time they have achieved specific, nonrecurring ends. Standing programs, in contrast, are standardised attacks to managing recurrent and predictable state of affairss? . As mentioned earlier, an administration must be able to alter its programs and it is ( usually ) this plans that must be changed. In Sonics instance there are no programs to be changed, thereby no opportunity to react fast to the new scope of audio equipment from the Asiatic manufacturer. Much of the constituents an audio maker usage in their production are imported. That the technology alteration and updates are meticulously defined is so of import. This requires a? material demand planning system? , which is another short term program. The MRP provides easy entree to, and visibleness of information on the stocks and flows of stuff within the supply concatenation and the physical capacities of selected operations. The MRP besides includes a short term reappraisal of stuffs required in each operations, and a study of stuffs availible. Without the MRP ( or a similar system ) it is difficult to obtain the production control, and to maintain on path with the operational and strategic program. In the electronic fabrication besides the application of merely in clip fabrication has resulted in important benefits. This chiefly because these companies used to run with high work-in-process stock list degrees and long lead times. There are besides several other of import characteristics which is indispensable to result a strategic program. Achieve greater reactivity from providers on monetary value, frequence of bringing and so on, set-up-time decrease, right firs clip production, a streamlined administration, etc. are such characteristics. It is the combination of all this short term activities that makes up the strategic program. In the audio fabrication industry new merchandises are launched rather quickly. It is non needfully advanced merchandises, but even merchandise betterments from other industries must be considered as a dainty. Asiatic manufacturers have the last 10-15 old ages been leaders in the place stereo market, both in merchandise invention and in design. Hence they have obtained rather a good will in the market, acquire higher returns, and thereby they can afford betterments and new merchandise developments. It is of terrible importance to maintain up with the Asiatic sound engineering. Quick response to alterations, and sooner new engineering development must thereby be considered as the chief end in the European sound fabrication industry. This can merely be obtained by strategic planning.

marx and tocqueville essays

marx and tocqueville essays To understand what Marx and deTocquiville ;two of the great social thinkers of all time, believed, you have to understand what was going on at the time. They were living in the peak of the Industrial Revolution. The cities that housed this revolution were overflowing with factories and people. People who were once country folk decided to come out to the cities in search for a better life. These working class people were also known as proletariats. Another aspect was what were these people thinking? They had there minds set on the right thing, a better life, but what made them think they would live a fair life? Liberalism was The bourgeoisie, or higher class believed in this ideology, and it rubbed off on the working class. Liberals believed in a constitutional government, equality of opportunity, and laissez faire economics. They believed in self interest, freedom, and privacy. So why then were the working class people poorer than when they were in the country, lived in slums and shacks, and worked terrible hard hours? This is where Karl Marx comes in. Marx saw that the proletariats had no rights. He thought that they lacked political power and government protection. He felt that it wasnt fair for the upper class to control the means of production and business in general, when the working class was doing all the hard work. He said that the working class was the class that had to bear all the burdens of society without enjoying its advantages. Materialism was also a factor in this class struggle. It proved that the class struggle could not be evaded. After studying the social classes in America, he came to believe that classes were not bad at all. He was impressed by the general equality of conditions among the people. He thought that the democracy that was in America at ...

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 94

Essay Example It is with this overview, that this paper will analyze an article by the National Geographic on a global warming overview. It will look at the green house effects, global warming causes, why it is a concern and lastly give a conclusion in relation to the topic. The greenhouse effect can be best described as the result of what happens when heat gets trapped by certain gases in the earth’s atmosphere, for instance the greenhouse glass walls. These gases let in light but prevent heat from escaping thus, the heating results. Since 1824, scientists have been aware of the greenhouse effects. Pioneers like Joseph Fourier ascertained that the earth’s climate is livable mainly due to the greenhouse effects, without which the earth would be colder. Svante Arrhenis, a Swedish chemist, in 1895, further helped kick start the decade long climate research that has made us, better understand global warming by discovering that the greenhouse effects can be enhanced by making carbon dioxide a greenhouse gas. The greenhouse gases are known to absorb radiation in the atmosphere that makes them the major contributors to the greenhouse effects. Merged with the resulting global warming and the rising greenhouse gases levels,the greenhouse effects are foreseen to have major consequences, this is in accordance to the near global–agreement byscientists. If unchecked the global warming will cause, climatic changes, increase in ocean acidification, severe societal and natural impacts, and extreme weather events and this is according to EPA, NASA and other governmental and scientific bodies (National Geographic 1). Research on the actual causes of global warming has been going on for decades. Scientists have analyzed the natural events and cycles that are known to influence climatic changes but not even the measured patterns and amount can be explained by these factors alone, therefore making it necessary for the GHGs (levels of greenhouse gases)

Overpopulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Overpopulation - Essay Example The pieces of evidence presented by census findings, instead of theories of demography, furnish the inevitable core of this idea. These are all according to the proponents of population reduction. During the time of Jesus, the population of the world may have been around 300 million people, densely packed mainly in China, India, and the Mediterranean region (Fagley 1960, 15). After analyzing different approximations, the Secretariat of the United Nations Population Division, proposes â€Å"that the world’s population was likely to have been between 200 and 300 million at the beginning of the Christian era† (Fagley 1960, 15). At some point between1930 and 1960, the growth in the population of the world will be roughly 1 billion, or approximately three times the overall population during the age of the New Testament (Green 2008). Furthermore, this population growth may be twice as huge as the world’s total population during the Reformation. This phenomenon is calle d ‘population explosion’ (Fagley 1960, 15-16). With the current rate of population growth, it can be estimated that in six centuries the number of people on the planet will be such that there will be just a square meter for each individual to inhabit (Jakab 2008). However, this would be impossible since something will take place to stop it. As an arithmetical practice, the picture of the imagined population explosion can certainly be furthered (Gilland 2008). In an April 1958 hypothetical article John L. Russell, S.J. theorized that, supposing a population that grows twofold every century, a growth rate significantly below the current rate, the current population of the world would have stemmed from an Adam and Eve existent roughly in 1000 B.C. (Hollingsworth 1996). A vivid illustration of this theory is presented in the following passage (Fagley 1960): One thousand years hence, at the same rate, there would be two million million people†¦ In 2,500 years from now, the population would be so densely packed that there would be one man on every square yard of the earth’s surface, including the sea. In 5,000 years the weight of human beings would be equal to the total weight of the earth, and in 14,000 years to the estimated total weight of the universe (ibid, p. 18). Apparently, such practices are only useful in illustrating that the current population growth rate cannot continue, and that the issue of overpopulation cannot be mitigated unless the growth rate itself is substantially altered. The major issue at this point is the importance of the short-range forecasts demonstrating the possibility that the human population will double in the very near future. This is certainly not an exploratory or hypothetical practice. This is the reasonable and valid repercussion of the established truth. This is an extension of a population explosion already in full swing. Is there really a problem of overpopulation? What should the governments do abou t this so-called threat of overpopulation? Should population growth be aggressively controlled by the enforcement of laws and taxes? The next section will review and discuss the arguments for and against the implementation of population growth control measures by the government. Overpopulation should be stopped: True or False? Different assertions have been made for endorsing population control mechanisms. They run the

Social Construct According to Locke Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Construct According to Locke - Term Paper Example For man to have absolute authority over his fellow human beings, he must enter into a common agreement with them (D'Agostino 56). This paper will elaborate how different philosophers had different ideas on theories of social contract. It is believed that, social contract is a philosophy on its own. An agreement exists between politicians and their constituents. The social contract theory is correctly associated the modern, political and moral theories. Philosophers who have had different theories on the social contract include; Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Aristotle and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. These philosophers are well known for their influential theories on the social contract. The dominant theories among these philosophers lie within the political and moral theories. These theories regained a kind of philosophical momentum as time elapsed. Recently, more philosophers have added their contributions on the social contract theories. The latest entrants being race-conscious and feminist philosophers, they have contributed significantly to the theories. They argue that the social contract theory is an incomplete picture of the political and moral lives. One of the greatest philosophers was Socrates and he made a very compelling argument. He was supporting the idea of him remaining in prison so that he could face death penalty and not escape the city of Greece as many people would have thought. He embraced the laws of Athens and he even personified them. He felt that he had to obey the entire laws because they had made him whom he was (Mandel 60). He believed that the laws were made to be followed by every individual. Socrates believed that laws were made by their fellow human beings and therefore had to be followed to the latter. In this example, social contract between people is said to be the laws that govern most people. These laws state how people should relate with each other. Plato was also another great philosopher. He is famous for his well-known dialogue R epublic. In this dialogue, the social contract theory is well represented at its best. In his second book, he tries to explore the real meaning of justice. Plato believed that injustices that are meted against fellow human beings were quite unfair. He explains that justice is as a result of conventional laws and agrees that human beings make in order to avoid atrocities against each other. According to Plato, he believes that men submit themselves to the very tenets of convention of justice. They do this simply because they have the feeling of committing injustice and impunity against their fellow human being. The social contract theory is elaborated in this instance because we find that there is a common agreement between the people and the judicial system simply put, the rule of law has to be strictly adhered to. On the other hand, Socrates rejects this view. He says that justice worth having and man is just a happy person. He believes that justice has value and that people should not just take it on its surface value. Thomas Hobbes was another great philosopher who lived in the England. He lived to witness the English civil war that was waged between the years 1642 and 1648. To explain this war, he vividly remembers the war was between the supporters and the monarchy. The king preferred the monarch type of rule. On the other hand, the parliamentarians demanded more power and wanted democratic institutions.

Polish Brewery Market Analysis

Polish Brewery Market Analysis MARKET AND COMPETITION ANALYSIS Shareholders, employees with their families and collaborators with their families benefit from the beer business. According to the industry estimates this branch and cooperating industries employs almost 200 000 workers in Europe, and 600 000 is the number of employees who would like work for the brewing industry in the future. Polish brewery market employs about 15 000 people, and sectors that cooperate with it have higher employment rate ( 56,2 thousand employees ). People are hired in HORECA and trade and almost 186,000 of them make a living by working for the breweries. This makes 740,000 families altogether that owe their financial stability to this industry. Investors After the fall of the communism in 1989 polish brewery market has been dominated by the multiple foreign investors. They knew that this market has a potential, and needs money, technology, and experience in order to be successful. At the beginning of the 90s consumption of the beer was not exceeding 30 litres per person per year. It was of a poor quality and the beer consumption culture did not equal the western reality. This investment needed big money, and therefore investors decided to start the brewery business on the polish market from the scratch. For example SABMiller has spent almost 2 billions zloty ( PLN ) on the development of its four brands, and thus one of them, Tychy, became the largest in Europe. Brewpole, an Australian company, was the first leading investor on the market. It created new production lines and introduced a new brand: EB. Then it gained almost 16% of the market shares. However, later on it had to merge with the Zywiec Group ( because of some of its advertisement failures ). Finally, production scale and good marketing were the most important issues that must have been considered. Big players were taking over smaller ones, and others were just closed down because were not profitable. Foreign investors have helped the polish brewery market by putting into it $ 1 billion and now it is the most modern in Europe. Almost 80% of the beer production is under their control. Therefore technology development in the brewery industry has been influenced by them, and this has led to increase of the beer production between 1990-1997. Today polish brewery industry belongs mainly to the global corporations. They knew Poles are patriots, and therefore decided to take advantage of this attitude. Tyskie, Okocim, Lech, Zywiec, Warka, Lomza and Strzelec sound polish, and thus are the most popular on this market in Poland. This shows that the foreign investors respect polish tradition and decided to combine it with their corporate global culture. External Customers Beer is one of the most popular global products. According to the data men are a vast majority when it comes to the beer consumption ( 65%). In case of women, 45% of them does drink beer. 76% of the beer drink consumers are in the age below 47, and whats interesting, 35% of people between 18-29 declare to be the loyal beer purchasers and its consumers. When it comes to frequency of the consumed beer, 47% of the consumers are between 30-65. Whats surprising, there is a huge difference in the education of the beer consumers. People with the Masters degree and over make up only 8% of the beer fans. Almost 26% of people with the basic education belong to this group, 34% with the vocational education does drink beer, and 37% with the secondary education are loyal beer consumers. 72% of the consumers usually drinks beer at home, 21% in pubs and the restaurants, and only 6% while enjoying the nature. They prefer light beer rather than dark. The reason for his choice lays not only In the taste, but also In its healthy properties. Light beer strengthens our bones, helps fight the osteoporosis, and bone tissue disease, which leads to the multiple fractures. For the last 10 years Poles have been drinking beer more than before. They treat beer as a substitute for wines and vodkas. According to the researches, 60% of the overall annual alcohol consumption goes to beer, 10% to vodka, and only 10% to wine. Poles are patriots and therefore almost 98% of them chooses polish beer. But when it comes to the quality of beer and its price, 45% definitely chooses German, Dutch or Czech products. . The price is usually too high In Poland, and thus the consumers are forced to buy the imported beers. However, the quality and taste of the beer are improved every year, and therefo re beer consumption increases by a few percent. Suppliers Brewery industry requires specific type of suppliers. This sector is supplied by the hop, and metal and glass packaging producers. Moreover, brewery industry focuses also the printing plant services. Brewery industry is supplied with the hop by the foreign importers and domestic suppliers. More than a half of the imported hop is used in the beer production, and suppliers are usually Hungary and Czech Republic, from the agri-food branch. Breweries sign with them the hop supply contracts in order to avoid the sudden price changes of the resource on the market. Domestic producers are the second group of the hop suppliers. They do not strongly influence the breweries, which then do not fell threatened by them. The reason for such situation is that there is a low duty and low prices that encourage the breweries to import rather than use the services offered by the domestic suppliers, which subsequently focus only the brewery with the best parameters. Next type of suppliers for the breweries are those who supply glass and/or metal packages. There is a strong competition, and each of them tries to make his offer more attractive for the customer than the others: low price, good quality, and possibly best parameters. Most of the producers have a very attractive offers, and thus the breweries feel free in the choice of the offers. Printing plant services are in the same situation as glass and metal packages suppliers. Because of the strong competition on this market, they try to make their offers attractive as it is possible, and thus make the customer to choose them. Large breweries use mainly the services offered by the bigger plants. PEST analysis PEST Analysis is a combination of parts of the environment, that are put together in order to be easily researched by the company. It considers influence of the politics on the market, economy, social aspects, and technological development. Brewery industry challenges increase every time when European countries start to join the European Union, for example Poland, Hungary and Czech Republic in 2004, and decide to co-operate with the non-European countries. There are many opportunities and limitations which breweries have to challenge. Governments policies which consider alcohol sales include price regulations, sales limitations ( such as age, unsober customers, time when alcohol can be sold, place of selling and consumption ), and license for sale. Governments try to influence the price rivalry by limiting the advertisements or licensing the alcohol sales. They also increase prices in order to increase states revenues, and prevent increase of the consumption ( and alcoholism problems of the society ), especially among young people. Government wants to minimise the negative effects of the alcohol consumption, such as car accidents or its overdose. Sales licensing helps control whether the alcohol companies adhere to the sales rules and pay taxes. State monopoly is the factor which does not apply to the brewery industry. Economic and social environments are the most favourable factors for the industrys development. There are different economic systems in the countries of operation, and therefore there needed different approaches. However, European Union rules are similar for all of its members: common trade policy and rules of the export trade policy. Exchange policy is another issue to consider. There are still some countries that havent changed their currency yet ( f.ex. Poland ). Effects of the global financial crisis in 2009 are still felt on the currency market, and therefore polish zloty varies every day. Labour costs are on the employers (demand) side of the labour market framework. The average hourly labour cost in 2006 in the European Union was 20,35 Euro. However, there was a 20% increase in 2008 in Czech Republic, Russia, Bulgaria, Latvia, Poland and Lithuania. Year 2009 was economically disadvantageous for every country, but the prognosis seem to be optimistic and look forward to improvem ents on the market. During the last years inflation has influenced GDP growth rate, and the following table shows how it was changing between years 2006-2010. As we can conclude from this table, GDP growth rate varies every year by 0,1%, however, it declines until the year of the financial crisis in 2009, where it drastically fell down by 1%-2% ( -2,5% was the lowest and the worst moment ). Luckily GDP started to catch up on losses quickly in 2010, and seems to follow the statistics from year 2006. Financial crisis had also influenced the employment rate almost 34 mln people have lost their jobs in Europe, and 212 mln all over the world. 13,4% of the young and 5,2% of the older people were among the unemployed. Social and cultural influences in business are different in all countries. The dominant religion in the world is Christianity 33% of respondents claim they do believe in God, Islam 21%, Atheists 16%, Hinduism 14%. The following picture presents all known religions and their followers in percentage ( out of the whole humanity ): Brewery industry will not find its potential consumers among Muslims, because their religion forbids them to drink any kind of alcohol. Older generation is usually very traditional and therefore sticks to the domestic products, that are proven and are mostly with the tradition. Young people perceive foreign products as unique and attractive, therefore they have positive attitude towards innovation and modernity of the foreign products and services. But in order to get their loyalty and trust brewery companies must consider the cultural and linguistic differences. Moreover, societys wealth influences the possible sale of the product. Western countries, such as France or Germany, unlike Poland, Lithuania or Estonia can afford expensive products, without violating much their budget ( for example German retirees going for a holidays abroad ). Modern technology plays also important role in the production. It helps make products cheaply and with a good quality. Foam of the beer is more stable, and the taste is more adapted to the consumers needs. Moreover, technology can be implemented in order to save the natural environment. Adnams, the British brewery, has invested in such a technology, without influencing negatively the nature and taste of its ecological product East Green. During the brewing process offset minimises CO2 emission to zero. Porters 5 forces This method helps analyse the sector by researching factors that make it attractive for the current and potential investors. There are four entry barriers in the brewery industry: scale of economy, no access to the distribution channel, lack of the capital, differentiation of products, and the state policy. Technology used by the brewery companies and their developed production allow them produce at the lowest unit costs. However, company which decides to enter the market cannot produce at a unit cost that is lower than the market price. Next problem company must challenge is lack of the distribution channels. Market belongs to the brewery corporations, and thus the new competitor has look for the other distributors. More over, it has also to invest in the beer producing technology, for the marketing and promotion, market research, and acquisition of the raw material. Whats more, government policy counters by the social insobriety ( anti alcohol legislation ), therefore alcohol sales are impeded. Last barrier is the product differentiation. Some brands, such as Heineken or Lomza have achieved high positions on the brewery market, and thus the new competition may have problems with gaining trust and loyalty of its target group. Bargaining power of suppliers in the beer market has been strongly influenced by the reduce of the aluminium costs control, and therefore this has led to the increase of the packaging materials costs. In order to avoid being dependent on these materials some breweries started to run recycling programmes. Brewery target group are the beer consumers. They choose whether they want to buy the product or not, and therefore influence sales of the company. Thus breweries care about the quality of their products, packaging, add some gadgets, and consider the way the product is served to the customer. He has a wide range of beers to choose and is given an information about each of them. Therefore he can choose the brand that mostly fits his taste. The functioning of the company depends largely on his beer choice. There are no substitutes for the beer, because there are no substitutes for hop. Brewery industry is very specific, because new products from this area are rarely launched to the market. However, they dont influence the beers consumption. Even non-alcohol beers havent increased its volume sales. Competition within the brewery industry is very active. Success of the brewery companies depend on the good advertisement, economies of scale benefits, costs minimisation and attractive packaging. Leaders on the global beer market are Heineken and Carlsberg. Smaller breweries try to reach their position and claim to have 40% increase in sales, and therefore bigger corporation try to save their position by comparing their successes to the weaker competition. Smaller players on the market increase their shares by selling the low quality products, and thus encourage potential investor to take over the brewery. Breweries try to reach their customers by selling them cheaper products. Customer looking at the low price resigns from the quality. Middle breweries dominate the segments with the low price products. Bigger corporations promote their brands by investing big capital in the marketing and promotion campaigns. Smaller companies cant afford such a big investment, and thus they just en courage and motivate their salesmen to be more effective. SWOT analysis Brewery industry is one of the most developing industries in the world. Its internal ( strengths, weaknesses ) and external ( opportunities, threats ) factors can be audited by using the strategic environment analysis called SWOT analysis. It is presented below: All these factors relate individually to each of the companies operating in the brewery industry. Strengths shown in the table are their resources and capabilities that are used in order to develop their competitive advantage on the market ( Garbarski et al, 2000 ). There will be always a high demand for beer, and developed technology will be the background for the products improvement and making it more attractive for the customers. This creates a relationship between both, product and its consumer. Strengths prevail over the weaknesses, however they strongly influence the market operations of the companies. High advertising costs are a main financial burden for the smaller and medium players. Moreover, because of the low budget they have to deal with the narrow product line, and thus the weak and slow distribution. However, If the industry considers its opportunities that appear during the analysis of the environment, it may observe some growth and generate more profits. Demographic increase and smaller range of age for drinking alcohol help reach a wider range of customers. However, tax increases, changing customers tastes, or anti-alcohol campaigns may threaten actions taken to improve the financial situation within the industry. INTERNET WEBSITES: http://www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/user-guidance/lm-guide/concepts/costs/index.html http://ecodzien.pl/2010/01/07/najbardziej-ekologiczne-piwo-swiata/ http://unia.realnet.pl/panstwa_czlonkowskie.php http://wyborcza.biz/biznes/1,101562,7526063,Przez_kryzys_34_mln_ludzi_stracilo_prace.html http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/GDP-Growth.aspx?Symbol=EUR ). http://www.newsweek.pl/artykuly/sekcje/nauka/jasne-piwo-zdrowe-dla-kosci,53372,1 inwestor.msp.gov.pl/download.php?s=4id=4146 http://agro.e-bmp.pl/index.php?art=1742

Evolution of Dance :: essays research papers

Dancing and music in general have evolved through time. People who danced in style in the sixties would not fit n the generation of the new millennium. As years have passed by, it seems the style of dancing is getting to be dirtier than ever. Parents do not approve of this lifestyle and this way of dance. It is inevitable that dance will change throughout our lives and so will its style. Dancing has changed in relation to music, behavior and time passed. Music is the biggest part of dance. The way the beat and bass hit are or even the lyrical content of the music today encourages the style of dance. Rap starts tend to graphically describe women, sex and money. And because of this, youngsters have accepted this state of mind into their style of dancing. Even the girls in the rap videos suggest there is nothing wrong with their provocative ways and even promote this way of dance. Being the trendy generation that we are, we follow and imitate their way of dance. Additionally, the behavior that is accepted by society plays a big role in our way of dance. Society is so open with public sexuality that we have accepted that into our normal daily pattern. TV shows are showing more and more graphic programs and as years pass by, it is predictable that they will worsen. So how do we stop it? Some try, while others adapt this way of living into their dance moves and styles. Society is corrupting the minds of teenagers and like a sponge, we are absorbing it all. Finally, as decades have passed from the 60s, 70s, 80s and even 90s, more and more things are being considered okay by the public. These provocative dancing styles have evolved and moved into the styles we use to dance at clubs and even at school. It should not be considered okay when a woman is being sandwiched between two males and they are being able to grab everything they can get a hold of, or vise-versa.

Catch Us If You Can” by Catherine McPhail Essay

Based on the novel† Catch Us If You Can† by Catherine McPhail. I have studied many characters that can be more responsible to what they do. The main character is a responsible person. The main character is Rory that a boy in this novel. Responsible can be described as a work that we must do it by ourselves. Now, I will discuss to all of you about the character that has shown responsibility in his actions. It is the main character, Rory. Firstly, let me move on with my first argument that show the main character, Rory is a responsible person. It can be shown from chapter one, at the clinic. Rory brings Granda for medical check-up. Granda afraid to meet the doctor and Rory tries to calm down his as well. The same time, Granda can’t be a mature person. He acts such as a child at there. Rory asks Granda to behave himself. This can be proving at chapter one, page 2, at last paragraph â€Å"I pulled him back to our seats. â€Å" Now sit down, Granda, and behave yourself†. After that, Granda helps a lady with opens the door to her. Granda puts on fire and Rory has to throw water all over Granda to put out the fire. When they meet Dr. Nicol, Rory asks the doctor about Granda health. Dr. Nicol gives a suggestion to take a home help but Granda be the first person doesn’t agree with it. From the point that I view, I knows that Rory is a responsible person even he just a boy that must need some love. Rory beings responsible with brings Granda to the clinic for a medical check-up. Rory also asks Granda to behave himself because he wants Granda in good condition. He also never forgets to give Granda the pill every day. He is more caring towards Granda. He does it because he loves Granda very much. He loves Granda because Granda is the only person that takes care of him since he is young. He thinks that Granda is the only father and mother in his life. He can’t through the life without his Granda beside him. From all the points I have mentioned, I strongly believes that Rory is a responsible person even he just a young boy. Next, let me move on to the second point that show Rory is a responsible person. It has be shown at the Rachnadar. It is the first time Rory sees his Granda cries even his late gran die. Rory feels guilty when he sees the condition of Granda at Rachnadar. Granda asks him why they bring him there but Rory doesn’t know what to say. Granda hugs Rory and holds the Rory’s hand tightly but Rory brings her eyes to the outside. The next day, he plans to rescue Granda from Rachnadar and Darren supports it actually Darren also gives the key of his mother’s caravan to Rory. He asks Rory to stays there for a while. Rory goes to the Rachnadar and enters it through the exit door. He asks Granda to be quite and he will ring Granda outs from there. The same time, he takes Granda’s pill because he knows that he will need them. This can be proving at chapter thirteen, page 62, at second paragraphs â€Å"His teeth were on the beside table. Better not forget them. And his he aring aid, not that it did him any goods he usually forgot to switch on†. From the point that I view, I know that Rory is a responsible boy towards his work. He never forgets to plan it extremely and completely because he wants the plan works. Rory beings more responsible when he plans to rescue Granda from Rachnadar. He feels that it is his dutys to save Granda from a suffer life. He can’t seeGranda cries anymore and he wants Granda makes a freely life moments. He also is responsibles to what he plans. He takes Granda’s pill when he goes to Rachnadar and saves him. He does it because he knows that he will need the pill or the equipments at another time. From all the points I have mentioned, I strongly believe that Rory is a responsible boy that rescues his Granda from a suffer life. Lastly, let me move on to the last point that shows that the main character, Rory is a responsible boy. It can be shown at chapter three, at the field. Mr. Hood invites Rory to join the football team. But, Rory tells Mr. Hood that he can’t play football. After that, Darren comes to ask him again but Rory still in his decision. Rory also tells Darren that his musts look after his Granda. This can be shown at chapter three, page 6, at last paragraph â€Å"Anyway, you know I can’t get to football practice. How would I get to the games? Who would look after my Granda.† Later, Darren asks him to send Granda to Rachnadar, and then Rory is angry and nearly kick Darren’s leg. He also tells Darren that Granda doesn’t want to go to Rachnadar. Lastly, he runs off before Darren can say another word. From the point that I view, I know that Rory is the main character that be a responsible in his life. He is more responsible when he knows that his musts look after Granda. He can sacrifices anything even he just a young boy. He thought that he must takes the responsibility towards his Granda because Granda doesn’t has any person that may takes care of him. Furthermore, Granda is forgetful person. Rory also loves his Granda, because of that he willing to make that job. He doesn’t have any biological parents in his life; he just has Granda as a father and a mother to him. He also feels guilty towards his Granda. If he plays the games, he can’t imagine that Granda will get sicker than before. From all the points I have mentioned, I strongly believe that Rory is responsible person. He cans sacrifice his joyful to take care of Granda. As a conclusion, the main character, Rory is a responsible person even he just s young boy that needs more love from adults. He makes Granda as his parents because he doesn’t have a mother or a father. From the event, we can know that Rory can be a mature person and he cans think likely an adult. Rory becomes more responsible to what he does and be responsible to every person especially his Granda.

Lets Have A Truce essays

Lets Have A Truce essays After reading Lets Have a Truce by Andrew Sullivan, I see his point of view and what hes trying to get across to the American people. I know that my opinion on this paper is going to be different than that of the other students taking this class, but here is what I obtained. It seems that most people get side tracked at what is going on in the world while campaigning is going on. Republicans and Democrats alike get so caught up in picking the right one that we are oblivious to what is going on in the world. Terrorists are still a threat while the candidate you want or the candidate you dont want is running. Another point that Mr. Sullivan made is about how divided this Country has really become over the years. It seems that if the person that you didnt want in office is now the President, you criticize and complain about the job hes doing. What you should do, rather, is try to put your good attitude in front of your bad for the better of the Country. Its not going to make a difference how many times you call the President an idiot, its not going to change anything. I myself am a Democrat, and I know that Ive done my fair share of bashing on George W. Bush, but in the long run I just hope that the Country benefits from the time hes spent as our leader. I will even go as far as saying that I respect his determination of trying to win the war on terrorism. But, I do not respect the fact that we have been in this war for so long and WHAT are we trying to accomplish here? As far as Im concerned our goal in Iraq is the wrong one. We want oil. Iraq isnt even the leading country with oil, so w hy are we there? What we need is a Republican candidate and a Democrat candidate working side by side to accomplish more than what has been done in the past. Differences aside, I believe it would be beneficial. The main point that Sullivan made i...

Writing Ideas for Persepolis Essay Example

Writing Ideas for Persepolis Essay Example Writing Ideas for Persepolis Essay Writing Ideas for Persepolis Essay Form Purpose Audience Language How to use the text Reflective expository essay To explore the ideas of the prompt and consider different ways of looking at conflict. General adult audience, teacher, peers Sophisticated, formal with some personal reflection, switching between 1st and 3rd person. Descriptive anecdotes. Experiences of particular characters or events can be contrasted with other real life events or personal experiences. Feature Article on the effect of war on women for a weekend section of The age (or International Womens Day edition) To explore how women experience war, focusing on the Ideas of the romp Readers of the publication who are Interested In womens Issues and war. Sophisticated and interesting vocabulary, descriptive anecdotes. Shorter paragraphs, varied sentences. Mostly third person, but some 1st. Emotive language and imagery. Refer to Manners experience in Iran, Discuss Islamic revolution in Iran, interview Marine: compare to other situations where women have been oppressed; Mammal: Compare to personal freedoms of Australian women. Feature Article about the role of protest in conflicts. To consider how and why conflict is changed by protest and resistance, as the romp guides Readers of the publication who are interested in protest As above Discuss different types of protest and resistance seen throughout the film. Compare to other historical and current examples of resistance and protest: Russians anti-gay laws, civil rights; Treatment of Asylum Seekers etc. Interview with the film maker, Marine Sarasota, to be published in Life and Style Saturday Age. To understand why she made the film and what she wanted to say about the conflict she experienced Readers of the publication, viewers of the film. Transcript or descriptive interview. Questions, Interjections by interviewer, ascriptions of the experience, direct quotations. Explicitly discuss particular parts of the film; consider explanations that are not In the film. Transcript of a TV Interview of three different people who have experienced war Persuasive Speech for International Womens Day Breakfast Or Opinion Piece along similar lines To persuade students and parents that we have a duty to help oppressed women who cannot speak for themselves Austria To explore the motivations and reasons, as relevant to the prompt. A final letter before she dies from Manners Grandmother to Marine expressing her win experiences of conflict and how she views Marine Dialogue of a conversation between Marine and God as an adult Speech from Uncle Anxious about why he resisted the Shah Internal Monologue of Manners father, Ebb Sarasota, as he watches his daughter leave for the first time. Letter, Journal entry, internal monologue from Uncle Anxious explaining what he has learnt from his experience before he is executed Revolutionary speech from another student in response to Manners speech about double standards at University Marine speaking to her own grandchild about what she learnt about herself through her teenage conflict.

Managerial accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managerial accounting - Essay Example The reasons that back the statement include the increasing pressure of capital market, rapidly changing business environment and an escalating competitive environment. In the context of that, the below presented paper has discussed the different aspect of traditional budgeting followed with the criticism over the traditional approach of budgeting. With that, the paper has discussed the recent external pressures from the capital market. Activity based budgets are the flexible budgets that are based on the different cost drivers. In activity based budgets, multiple cost drivers are used for the different activities of the business. The activity based budgeting is more precise as compared to the conventional budgeting. The incremental approach towards budgeting initiates with the previous budgeting period which are also term as the actual results. It adds and subtracts the incremental amount to overcome with the inflation and other obvious changes. Zero based budgeting is that approach for budgeting that necessitates each element of cost to be particularly justified, as the activities related with the budget are taken into the considerations for the first time. In zero based budgeting, the allowance for budget is zero without any prior approval (Kaplan Financial Limited, 2012). The traditional budget of an organization designates the amount and quantity of money the management of the company allocated for a predetermined period in order to meet the financial obligations of the company. These includes allocation of funds for the operations of the business, the liabilities and other expenses incurred by the organization. The aim of the budget is to facilitate the organization to spend the revenues and income generated by an organization in accordance with the plan. The traditional budget is based on reviewing the historical performance of the company

Cell biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cell biology - Essay Example 2010). Without ECM, higher life forms such as mammals, or truly any multi-cellular organism, could not possibly exist. When issues occur with the ECM, though, many problems can then arise. This is seen through the role of the ECM in two pathological states: healing after myocardial infarction, and the degenerative phase of multiple sclerosis. Extracellular Matrix in Healthy Mammals The definition of ECM is extremely broad, now more so than in past years. As it is currently defined in the scientific literature, ECM includes â€Å"all secreted molecules that are immobilized outside cells† (van Horssen et al. 2007). Every body tissue has ECM between the cells. In every case, the ECM plays some vital role in the functioning of that tissue. For example, the ECM of the lens of the eyes is responsible for cellular contraction. Cellular contraction, in turn, is what regulates growth rate of the cells on the surface of the eye (Wormstone 2004). The ECM of the periodontal ligament, comm only known as the gum between the jawbone and teeth, is extremely strong. Without it, the teeth would not be able to remain attached to the jawbone, which is vital to the development and maintenance of the bony jaw. This tissue gains such strength mainly through the levels of the collagen type I protein, which are extremely high in the ECM of the periodontal ligament (Bildt et al. 2009). One specialized type of ECM is the the basement membrane. Recently, the role of the basement membrane has been expanded past its previous place as a simple structural feature. This membrane has been shown to be an extremely important regulator of cell behaviour. It helps control tissue compartmentalization and â€Å"sends signals to epithelial cells about the external microenvironment†, telling the cells where to grown and how (Kalluri 2003). Balance between creation of new extracellular matrix and its degradation is required for the maintenance of healthy body tissues. This is accomplished t hrough production of matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs, which are enzymes produced to break down this matrix. The cells which produce these MMPs are known as fibroblasts. Conversely, fibroblasts are also responsible for the synthesis of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. These inhibitors, known as TIMPs, unsurprisingly impede the degradation activity of the MMPs (Bildt et al. 2009). ECM is also responsible for another process in the maintenance of healthy tissue: apoptosis. ECM regulates apoptosis, or programmed cell death, through intracellular signalling (van Horssen et al. 2007). Extracellular matrix could be used as biological scaffolding material for regenerative medicine (Badylak et al. 2009). It can be â€Å"decellularized† and the ECM alone used to support new transplanted cells (Soto-Gutierrez et al. 2010). Also relevant to regenerative medicine is the fact that ECM has â€Å"constructive remodeling† capability, though the mechanism behind this is not y et fully understood (Badylak et al. 2009) ECM seems like the Holy Grail of biological scaffolding, as it can be constructed and then completely degraded through â€Å"bioactive molecules† that are produced naturally within the body (Badylak 2007). Functioning of the ECM in Disease States With the extremely broad and vital roles played by the

Statistical regression Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Statistical regression - Statistics Project Example s sustainable development through the prospering of economy is the key ideology of the United States because sustainable development is the road map to justify the economical growth. This means poverty issues, minimum wage rate and new employment would be the key factors to determine the prosperity of lifestyle of the population for any nation in the long run (Corsetti et al, 2011). The decay of economic growth in the United States has been believed to be of a product of different factors like unemployment rate, consumer price index and inflation control. The economical theory of any healthy market is to keep the flow of capital in the market and it would get stagnated or decline with reduced household disposable income, increased consumer price index and decreased wage rates and employee compensation(Corsetti et al, 2011). The various factors may be reviewed as under: i. GDP & Consumption: Gross Domestic product specifies the market value of the total accepted and recognized final commodities produced over a given time. It represents government spending, exports and consumption. Consumption the largest component of GDP includes the private or household expenditure on goods and private investments also. Investments indicate how the industries invest on manpower and machinery which might act to reduce unemployment and encourage cash flow and production. Increased household expenditure also means that people have the buying power and are maintaining that in spite of inflation. ii. Inflation & Wage rates: refers to the general price of the commodities and services in an economy over time. This means when inflation raises purchasing power of unit money will fall and unless the wage rate increases it will be difficult to purchase the same service over time(Corsetti et al, 2011)( Devereux et al, 2003). Econometric and Social analysis are done by time series data points. Time series is an array of data points which are measured at uniform time intervals to calculate

Interactive video behavioral intervention Essay Example for Free

Interactive video behavioral intervention Essay Risk behaviors on youth are issues that the sociologists and psychologists regard as big deals. The youth comprises the major work force of the future yet the trends and the activities they do sometimes put them to the verge of having complications and diseases that are transmitted through having sexual intercourses. Their every day activities may lead them to something that can really matter especially with their health and their spirituality. Modernism and liberalism are issues that are usually faced by the youth today by which values that are regarded to be sacred before are now called passe and often treated as something for the centuries, not for the modern age. One of the issues mentioned are women engaging to pre-marital sex at a young age, and worse cases to multiple partners. Downs, Murray, et. al (2004) formulated a study that dealt with the behavior of females who are likely to commit to sexual activities involving oral and anal sex, together with the sexual intercourse itself. Their study aimed to determine some controlling factors with the behavior of women regarding sex. It provided different ways of informing the women of the possible consequences of having sexual intercourse with the opposite sex. Having a number of reviews of articles, they gathered 300 sexually active females (6 months before the study started) from different places in Pittsburgh are that are still subdivided from hospitals, clinics and a teaching hospital. The authors of the study first surveyed for the participants who are willing to be tested and undergo the study. Parents were also asked if they are willing to let their daughters below 18 years become the participants of the study. According from the article, parents were more than willing to let their daughters be part of the team or the respondents. Questions that asked the motives of having sex were asked during the interview. It will help the evaluators to assess the usual situations before the actual intercourse happens. The study also has its way of letting the participants choose a way that they will be best informed. In this way, they will have an idea of how they are going to control their sexual drives. The modes of the study are: interactive video clip, a book that offers the same content as the video and brochures that offer the same topic. One video clip from www. WhatCouldYouDo. org was shown to them that portrayed a girl and a boy that depended on the concept of â€Å"condom† love that is often pictured as something satisfying other than the act of abstinence. Their knowledge about STD was also measured trough the 40 questions posted in the study, and they have a percentage of 65. 5% correct concepts about the matter. On the other hand, 67. 7% of them has the right knowledge about specific STD issues. Controls without the interventions were more likely to still engage in the activity while those who have had the chance to be included in the team with video intervention through randomization were reported to have self control over the next few months. However, the study showed that knowledge of the participant regarding sexual and STD issues did not increased. It was stated in the reports that it could have been better if the control for the study did not receive any intervention to clearly see the effect of the programs in controlling the risk behavior of youth, specifically with the females. The study may be leading to situations by which female will not be choosing the option to have sex with their partners to express their feelings. Moreover, the intention of preventing STD in youth through some information integrated seminars and trainings are good ways in drawing down the lines in the limitations of the actions of the females, and the youth. Reference Julie S. Downs, Pamela J. Murray, Wandi Bruine de Bruin, Joyce Penrose, Claire Palmgren and Baruch Fischhoff. Interactive video behavioral intervention to reduce adolescent females’ STD risk: a randomized controlled trial Social Science Medicine, Volume 59, Issue 8, October 2004, Pages 1561-1572

The Achievement Gap and Education Essays -- Race Educational Educating

The achievement gap facing low income, African American, and Latino populations is undoubtedly a complicated problem. It is defined as the â€Å"disparity between the academic performances of different groups of students†. Most of the data on the achievement gap is gathered from the National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP), also known as the â€Å"nation’s report card†. Some reports suggest that these students arrive at disadvantage, which is then perpetuated through their schooling (Learning Point Associates, 2003). This paper will explore some of the factors correlated with low achievement and more importantly the strategies that might work towards closing the gap. The solution is not easy and will require a range of approaches as well as efforts from the national government, states, local districts, schools, families and students. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 2002 requires achievement data to be reported by group, both racially and economically. Schools must now track the performance progress of groups, rather than on a general school average. This probably didn’t spark much discussion in states like California, because they have already been doing this for decades. However, there are many states that had never made such reports, which resulted in the first-ever public acknowledgement of group differences in performance (Haycock, 2002). The racial and economic achievement gap has now been accepted and well documented for high poverty and high minority schools. A school in which at least half of the students qualify for subsidized school meals is classified as a high poverty school. A high minority school is one in which at least half of the student body are minorities (Olsen, 2003). Over the pa... ...15, No.4 (2001). Haycock, Kati. â€Å"State Policy Levers: Closing the Achievement Gap.† The State Education Standard. Winter 2002: 6-13. Learning Points Associates. North Central Regional Educational Library. 2003. Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory. â€Å"Closing the Achievement Gap Requires Multiple Solutions.† 2001. Olsen, Lynn â€Å"The Great Divide.† Education Week on the Web. 9 Jan 2003. Quality Counts. â€Å"To Close the Gap, Quality Counts† Education Week on the Web. 9 Jan 2003. Rips, Geoff. â€Å"Runn Also Rises† Texas Monthly. October 1999: 56-71. U.S. Department of Education. â€Å"Closing the Achievement Gap in America’s Public Schools.† 2003.

Organisation and management sample paper

Each question is marked out of 10. Please start each question on a new page. 3. Write your answers in the answer booklets provided. Please mark your questions clearly so that we know which questions you have attempted. Make sure your name is clearly indicated on the cover of the examination booklets . Decision-misunderstanding Describe the five (5) steps in the decision making process and provide an example to illustrate the process. Then discuss any one behavioral influence on decision- making and explain how it may influence the example you provided. 2.Organizing Explain the purpose of the organizing function In the relation to the other three (3) functions of the management process. Then compare the functional, divisional, and matrix organizational structures. 3. Controlling Why do managers need to establish controls In organizations? Explain what Is meant by bureaucratic control and clan control In organizations and provide examples to Illustrate your answer. 4. Leadlngandmanagln gchange Explain the purpose of the leading function In the relation to the other three (3) functions of the management process.There are some Important differences between a manager and a leader. Describe the mall differences between a manager and a leader. 5. Communicationandinterpersonalskills Describe at least three conflict management styles and give examples of each. Then explain why the collaborative approach to conflict management is often preferred over the other styles of conflict management. 6. Indeterminateness motivation. Then give one detailed example of each, and explain which approach best describes how you are motivated to work more efficiently and effectively.

Green Mountain

Running head: Turnover Problem Green Mountain Resort (Dis)solves the Turnover Problem Introduction The beautiful Green Mountain Resort was a doomed business from the beginning. As the developer failed, the investment bank took it over to fix it up and resell it to at least get their money from it. However, they fell in love with it and made the decision to create a first class operation. The manager and part owner Gunter had a vision of the first class resort. The one thing that was halting this vision was the problem he faced with turnover.The resort was located in the poorest area of the state. That being said, it is hard to find and keep good help when there is little to choose from. When he did find some great help they quickly moved on for better opportunities, because he just did not have much more than entry level positions being a small business. So the problem he faces is what the turnover creates. Gunter cannot expect to provide outstanding service as he seems to be constan tly in training mode.The great employees that he wants to have on staff end up leaving for more opportunity. Case Questions Change Images used by each Gunter’s change image was that of a coach. The image or reputation of Green Mountain became that of being an excellent place to obtain training to advance one’s career. Gunter mentors those that provide outstanding service and helps them to become even better. The hospitality literature’s change image was that of the navigator.It described the turnover as a chronic problem and that something needed to be done to stop the turnover or the resort would fail. The consultant’s change image was that of the interpreter. He helped Gunter to see the turnover issue as a possible positive instead of a negative. Now the resort attracts and helps develop further highly motivated people which is a win win for both Gunter and the recruits. Assumptions and prescriptions from each Each of the assumptions influenced the pres criptions for dealing with the turnover problem.Gunter started out as a nurturer and he looked at the turnover as a problem and tried several things to help stop it, but nothing he did worked. When he became the coach and started mentoring he viewed the problem differently and now he was known for jumpstarting careers. The hospitality literature was the navigator and saw the turnover as a problem that needed to be solved. Some ways to do that were to streamline training, simplify the job and don’t depend on any employees. There was a way to fix it and it was to make things easier.The consultant was the interpreter, a different view of the problem. How can the turnover be an asset, he helped Gunter to find the positive side of a problem. â€Å"if we only draw upon one particular frame† The conclusions we draw from the statement â€Å"if we only draw upon one particular frame, then this will take us away from thinking about what is going on from an alternative perspecti ve† are if we only a view a problem from one angle, another could be there but our minds are closed to any new possibilities.If we view a problem from different angles, like Gunter did after the consultant brought it up, then there may be alternatives to a problem and that problem could become an asset. References Palmer, I, Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. (2009). Managing Organizational Change: A Multiple Prospective Approach. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. /Irwin.

Free Essays on Classroom Management Plan

Classroom Management Plan A successful manager must practice preventative management when it comes to dealing with classroom behavior. I believe that it is very important to establish control over the classroom right from the first day of the school year. The rules and regulations of my classroom will be clearly outlined for the students on an agreement that would be signed by them and their parents. I plan to include in this outline what I expect from the students in terms of appropriate behavior in the classroom as individuals, and in working together in groups. In addition, in order to establish a safe and cooperative learning environment, students will be reminded that they are to have great respect for their classmates. It is crucial that a student be instructed to respect the thoughts and ideas of others. Moreover, they also need to learn proper manners in working with other human beings. In explaining the rules, I would never do so in a stern fashion. Rather, I will leave the students with a feeling of confidence in their ability to cooperate with their classmates in successfully completing their course work. Once these rules are established the teacher should be consistent and fair in enforcing these rules and the penalties that are incurred by the students for breaking them. Effective rules are not the only component to preventative management in the classroom. Lessons must also be carefully planned in order to keep student attention. If a teacher is to be an effective classroom manager then he or she must keep the attention of the students throughout the entire class period. I believe that if there is some extra time at the end of a class period, there is nothing wrong with allowing students to do their homework or converse quietly. However, all teachers should let students know from the beginning of the school year that this is a privilege that can be taken away if it is abused. It is important for students to learn that su... Free Essays on Classroom Management Plan Free Essays on Classroom Management Plan Classroom Management Plan A successful manager must practice preventative management when it comes to dealing with classroom behavior. I believe that it is very important to establish control over the classroom right from the first day of the school year. The rules and regulations of my classroom will be clearly outlined for the students on an agreement that would be signed by them and their parents. I plan to include in this outline what I expect from the students in terms of appropriate behavior in the classroom as individuals, and in working together in groups. In addition, in order to establish a safe and cooperative learning environment, students will be reminded that they are to have great respect for their classmates. It is crucial that a student be instructed to respect the thoughts and ideas of others. Moreover, they also need to learn proper manners in working with other human beings. In explaining the rules, I would never do so in a stern fashion. Rather, I will leave the students with a feeling of confidence in their ability to cooperate with their classmates in successfully completing their course work. Once these rules are established the teacher should be consistent and fair in enforcing these rules and the penalties that are incurred by the students for breaking them. Effective rules are not the only component to preventative management in the classroom. Lessons must also be carefully planned in order to keep student attention. If a teacher is to be an effective classroom manager then he or she must keep the attention of the students throughout the entire class period. I believe that if there is some extra time at the end of a class period, there is nothing wrong with allowing students to do their homework or converse quietly. However, all teachers should let students know from the beginning of the school year that this is a privilege that can be taken away if it is abused. It is important for students to learn that su...

Original Writing Poetry Heartache My life was happy with no pain at all Essays

Original Writing Poetry Heartache My life was happy with no pain at all Essays Original Writing Poetry Heartache My life was happy with no pain at all Essay Original Writing Poetry Heartache My life was happy with no pain at all Essay Essay Topic: Heart Of Darkness The Heart Goes Last My life was happy with no pain at all, Not having any worries of the darkness that crawls Beneath my shadow and dark secrets to come Is the cause of my feelings becoming so numb Then something had to destroy my happiness Now feeling so empty and eternally stressed Like being suffocated by my own mistakes And having to feel them is more than can take With each day ending in a hurtful flow Not knowing how long I have left to go Wondering when all this stress will decrease So I can once again live my life at ease Bur right now my emotions are swollen As though as each part of my heart has been stolen Thrown away to the gates of hell Where feelings of betrayal live and dwell Ill never forget the feelings of this pain Feelings as though as I have nothing to gain But in reality Im afraid to let go Not wanting to live in bitterness and sorrow But life goes on and so will u Having no need for me to cry Ill get on with my life and not be stuck in the past Because life is short and I want to make It last.

Existent vs. Existing

Existent vs. Existing Existent vs. Existing Existent vs. Existing By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the correctness of the following phrase: â€Å"the strengths of the existent organization.† Says the reader: I just read this phrase in an email sent out from the Deans office of a large Midwestern university known nationally for academic excellence. Personally, I would not have written the sentence with the word existent I would have used â€Å"existing.† Did someone not proofread carefully enough? Is â€Å"existent† OK to use? Does it sound too snooty? Although both adjectives mean â€Å"having being or existence in the present time,† existing is the word most commonly used to describe such things as organizations, processes, laws, and amenities: Your IT department might have a list of best practices and guidelines that you can use to streamline information, avoid duplication, protect sensitive data, and use existing systems more efficiently. Use of immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain measurements compared with existing techniques as a means of typing monoclonal immunoglobulins. The four main methods in reforming law are repeal  (get rid of a law), creation of new law, consolidation (change existing law) and codification. Existent may not be exactly â€Å"snooty,† but it is more often used in discussions of spiritual or philosophical matters than in talking about day-to-day activities: It is commonly accepted that there are two sorts of existent entities: those that exist but could have failed to exist, and those that could not have failed to exist. Entities of the first sort are  contingent beings; entities of the second sort are  necessary beings. Russells problem of the  existent  round square might then be reformulated as  the problem of the existent-cum-modal-moment round square.   One point on which there is agreement [about Existentialist thought] is that the existence with which we should be concerned here is not just any existent thing, but  human existence. When speaking of a health condition that is in existence at the time someone applies for health insurance, the usual term is â€Å"pre-existing condition.† There is a word pre-existent, but like existent, it appears mostly in religious and philosophical writing. For example: According to Baha’i teachings, the individual soul of a human being comes into being at the time of conception and only thereafter is eternal; in other words it is not pre-existent. [They also teach] that God, a reality which human consciousness cannot comprehend, is pre-existent, that is He exists prior to time and to His creation. Arius (c. 256-336 CE) believed that the pre-existent Son of God was directly created by the Father, that he was subordinate to God the Father, and that only the Father was without beginning or end, but that the Son was also divine. The word nonexistent, on the other hand, is quite common in ordinary speech:   Cops Arrest Photographer for Nonexistent Law They [job applicants] bought a bachelor of science degree in biology, dated June 13, 1975, and a masters degree dated June 10, 1988, in Collins name both from Lexington University, a nonexistent school purportedly in Middletown, N.Y. Speakers and writers who replace existing with existent in a non-philosophical context may be creating a back-formation from nonexistent. In standard usage, it’s still best to use existing to refer to such things as laws, customers, and systems, reserving existent for philosophical discussion. The adjective extant, â€Å"continuing to exist,† is used to describe artifacts or structures that have survived beyond the time other things like them have disappeared. Here are two examples of this use: The only extant copy of Clarkes 1619 broadsheet can be found in the British Library. The Yambol Covered Bazaar is the only such Ottoman institution still extant in Bulgaria. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SThe Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English AlphabetDouble Possessive

Occupational Safety and Health Law Handbook Essay - 1

Occupational Safety and Health Law Handbook - Essay Example HIPAA amplified patient security with was critical towards patient security as it introduced new legislation that protect critical information such as social security number, private medical information and payment. This facilitated the cause of security and eliminated many types of frauds that plagued the industry. Another element that was emphasized in 2002 was health hazards. Hazard identification is a critical steps towards identifying risk management process. It is where individual work hazards are identified and rectified through a mitigation plan for the safety of others. Prior to 2002, there was no log of audits for hazard identifications. However after 2002, organizations were not only audited but were required by law to keep logs of information and history for the sake of safe for employees. In 2002, these processes were more refined. Organizations were required to not only develop processes for efficient use of resources OSHA Small Business > Small Business Handbook. (n.d.).  OSHA Small Business > Small Business Handbook. Retrieved August 19, 2014, from

Understanding the Factors Affecting the Influence of Children on Their Dissertation

Understanding the Factors Affecting the Influence of Children on Their Parents' Total Purchases - Dissertation Example Marketing researches in the past couple of decades have focused on the how the children are involved in the household decision making, in which stages and in which product categories. This study aimed to identify if and how particular demographic characteristics play a role in the influence that children have on their parents’ weekly purchases. The demographic characteristics tested for this study included: (a) socioeconomic status of the parents, (b) parental education level, (c) religion, (d) gender of the child, and (e) age of the child. For this purpose, a quantitative, non-experimental study was designed using hierarchical multiple linear regression and analysis of variance to test hypotheses and answer the research question. A stratified random sample of 343 participants was surveyed and hypotheses were tested. The results showed a relationship between total weekly influenced parental purchases and the demographic characteristics; furthermore, socioeconomic status, paren tal educational levels, gender and age of child all affected the extent of influence that the children had on their parents’ purchases. The findings of this research reveal important insights about children as influencers and active developing decision makers. The results provide direction for further research and analysis in the field that can contribute much to the understanding of buying behaviors and targeted market planning to marketers. Acknowledgments Table of Contents Acknowledgments 3 Acknowledgments 3 List of Tables 8 List of Tables 8 List of Figures 10 List of Figures 10 Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Introduction to the Problem 1 Introduction to the Problem 1 Background of the Study 3 Background of the Study 3 Statement of the Problem 5 Statement of the Problem 5 Purpose of the Study 5 Purpose of the Study 5 Research Questions and Hypothesis 6 Research Questions and Hypothesis 6 Nature of the Study 7 Nature of the Study 7 Significance of the Study 8 Significance of the Study 8 Definition of Terms 9 Definition of Terms 9 Assumptions and Limitations 9 Assumptions and Limitations 9 Unit of Analysis 10 Unit of Analysis 10 Organization of the Remainder of the Study 11 Organization of the Remainder of the Study 11 Chapter 2. Literature Review 12 Chapter 2. Literature Review 12 Introduction 12 Introduction 12 Family Dynamics in Purchase Decisions 13 Family Dynamics in Purchase Decisions 13 Organization of the Literature Review 20 Organization of the Literature Review 20 Theoretical Framework 20 Theoretical Framework 20 Children’s Influence in Family Decisions 22 Children’s Influence in Family Decisions 22 Consumer Socialization of Children 23 Consumer Socialization of Children 23 Presentation of Empirical Evidence 26 Presentation of Empirical Evidence 26 Analysis of Findings 32 Analysis of Findings 32 Conclusion 34 Conclusion 34 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 36 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 36 Research Design 36 Research Desi gn 36 Design Appropriateness 38 Design Appropriateness 38 Participants 39 Participants 39 Sample Size 39 Sample Size 39 Sampling Procedure 40 Sampling Procedure 40 Research Questions and Hypotheses 41 Research Questions and Hypotheses 41 Instrumentation 42 Instrumentation 42 Pilot Testing and Field Testing 43 Pilot Testing and Field Testing 43 Data Collection 45 Data Collection 45